PhD conferred · 16 June 2026 · University of Sassari

Dr. Safeer
Ali Mirani

Millions of neurons, drawn at the speed of thought.

Real-Time Neural Visualisation·GPU / XR Engineering·Connectomics

Building for extended reality.

I build GPU-accelerated systems for visualising and analysing large-scale neural data. The NeuroConstellation platform family renders up to 5.28M neurons across 5 platforms (desktop, mixed reality, VR, and WebGPU), and I analyse full-scale CA1 connectomes (human and mouse) directly on the GPU.

Neurons rendered
XR / Web platforms
First-author papers
Conference talks
Scroll
The mind behind the render

Bridging neuroscience, GPU computing & immersive technology

I defended my PhD in Life Sciences and Biotechnologies at the University of Sassari, Italy, on 6 May 2026 (degree conferred 16 June 2026). My doctoral research developed the NeuroConstellation platform family, five GPU-accelerated visualisation tools for rendering large-scale neural network activity across desktop, mixed reality, virtual reality, and web-browser environments. Alongside the platforms, I analysed full-scale single-cell CA1 connectomes of the human (~5.28M neurons) and mouse (~288K) on the GPU, producing one of the first matched cross-species comparisons at this scale (manuscript in preparation) and identifying a conserved GABAergic neurogliaform rich-club.

My work sits at the intersection of computational neuroscience, extended reality, and human-computer interaction. I collaborate with researchers at the Institute of Biophysics CNR Palermo (Migliore lab), EBRAINS-Italy, and Aix-Marseille University, where I completed a 6-month international research mobility from August 2025 to January 2026. My ongoing research includes EEG signal analysis using MATLAB and brain co-simulation frameworks within the EBRAINS-Italy infrastructure.

Before the PhD, I earned an M.S. in Software Engineering from UESTC, China, where my thesis focused on fine-grained emotion detection from text using deep learning, and a B.S. in Computer Science from the University of Sindh, Pakistan. This interdisciplinary background, combining software engineering, NLP, and neuroscience, shapes how I approach complex visualisation challenges.

Notable distinction: Part of the first group of international students invited to serve as museum guides in UESTC's 60-year history (2019), delivering special lectures on Chinese technological advancement to a global audience.

Outside research, I have been actively involved in community work, most notably as an ILM Ambassador with the British Council's Take a Child to School programme, which contributed to enrolling over 110,000 out-of-school children across Pakistan.

From data to real time

How it works

One GPU pipeline carries full-scale brain data from raw connectome to a frame you can explore, on any screen.

Where neurons become light

The NeuroConstellation platform family

Five GPU-accelerated visualisation systems spanning desktop, mixed reality, virtual reality, and the open web, rendering neural activity at scales previously inaccessible to interactive exploration.

Inkwell

2026 · WebGPU · In-browser ML

Draw a digit and a real neural network classifies it as you draw, shown as the small network from 3Blue1Brown's series: a 784-16-16-10 perceptron with every neuron and weighted connection on screen. The inference runs in raw WebGPU compute shaders, and the activations lighting the neurons are read back from the same GPU buffers that draw them. Trained on real MNIST (95.8% test accuracy, about 13,000 parameters), with no machine-learning or graphics libraries. Educational, not state of the art: deliberately the small, legible network where every weight is visible.

WebGPU WGSL compute MNIST In-browser inference
Live demo Source

NeuroConstellation Desktop

2023 — 2026

GPU-accelerated desktop visualisation of large-scale neural network activity, including human hippocampal CA1 datasets. Six visualisation modes alongside parallel GPU-accelerated analysis (firing-rate maps, recruitment maps, spike-history trails); validated against a Python NumPy/SciPy reference pipeline.

Unity3D HLSL C# GPU Compute

HoloNeV, HoloLens 2

2024 — 2026

Mixed reality visualisation of mouse hippocampus CA1 neural activity on Microsoft HoloLens 2, using a distributed workstation–headset architecture for high-resolution rendering. Hand gesture interaction via Microsoft MRTK, with a novel proxy container interaction paradigm for manipulating dense neural datasets.

MRTK HoloLens 2 Hand Tracking Holographic Remoting

Immersive VR, Varjo XR-4

2025 — 2026

Stereoscopic VR visualisation of human hippocampus CA1 neural activity in Varjo XR-4 with Ultraleap hand tracking. Configurable dataset loading and confidence-based gesture interaction enabling six-degree-of-freedom manipulation in immersive space.

Varjo XR-4 Ultraleap Immersive VR Unity XR

NeuroConstellation Web

2026

Browser-based neural visualisation using WebGPU compute shaders. All six visualisation modes translated from HLSL to WGSL. Zero installation, runs in Chrome, Edge, Firefox, and Safari on any WebGPU-capable browser.

WebGPU WGSL JavaScript Browser-native
Open live demo

Seismic Earth

2026 · WebGPU · Real-time 3D

A hand-built WebGPU globe visualising live USGS earthquake data: ~9,000 events rendered as depth-coloured, magnitude-scaled spikes in a single instanced GPU draw call. Written from scratch against the raw WebGPU API (WGSL shaders, matrix math, arcball camera), with time-lapse playback, place search, and full accessibility. No three.js, no map SDK, no build step.

WebGPU WGSL JavaScript Instanced rendering
Live demo Source

Emotion Atlas

2026 · WebGPU · In-browser ML

A zero-install web app that runs a real sentence-transformer (all-MiniLM-L6-v2) fully in the browser on WebGPU. It embeds ~2,400 live-fetched emotion-labelled tweets into 384-D space, projects them to 3D with hand-written PCA, and renders the cloud as an instanced WGSL point system. Type a sentence and it is embedded live on the GPU, placed by the same basis, and linked to its true cosine nearest neighbours with a k-NN emotion prediction. No three.js, no backend, no build step.

WebGPU transformers.js WGSL Embeddings / k-NN
Live demo Source

CortexCast

2026 · WebGPU · EEG / BCI

A zero-install web app that replays real 64-channel motor-imagery EEG (PhysioNet) and decodes imagined left/right hand movement live in the browser. A hand-written in-browser FFT drives mu (8-12 Hz) and beta (13-30 Hz) band power; a WGSL scalp topographic map renders on a real 3D head mesh; and event-related desynchronisation over the C3/C4 motor cortex calls which hand, self-scored against the true cue. The same EEG/BCI analysis I run in MATLAB and MNE, rebuilt to run for anyone with a browser.

WebGPU WGSL EEG / BCI FFT / DSP
Live demo Source

Windfield

2026 · WebGPU · GPU compute

A zero-install web app that pushes about a million particles (up to 4.2M) through one real hour of NOAA GFS 10 m wind, entirely in the browser on WebGPU. A hand-written WGSL compute shader samples the wind field under every particle and advects it across a world map, leaving glowing motion trails coloured by wind speed. Because the field is one steady forecast snapshot, every trail is a true streamline. No three.js, no backend, no build step.

WebGPU WGSL compute GPU particles NOAA GFS data
Live demo Source

Orrery

2026 · WebGPU · HPC + astronomy

A raw WebGPU flythrough of the real Milky Way. Every point is an actual star from ESA's Gaia mission: a random sample of 1,013,200 stars with full 6D measurements. Their orbits were integrated on the CINECA Galileo100 supercomputer (a 34-task SLURM array, gala / astropy), compressed to about 112 bytes per star, and reconstructed live on the GPU, so you can scrub the Sun's neighbourhood across 500 million years in either direction and click any star to draw its orbit. A compute pass evaluates every orbit, an HDR render pass draws additive star sprites, and GPU picking finds the star under the cursor. Hand-written WGSL, measured error reporting, no rendering libraries.

WebGPU WGSL compute HPC (SLURM) Gaia / astronomy
Live demo Source

Safia & Akseer Wedding Gallery

2025-2026 · On-device AI · Privacy

A privacy-first wedding photo gallery built for a conservative Pakistani family. Each guest finds their own photos by scanning their face on their own phone, with the recognition running entirely on the device, so no selfie is ever uploaded. Photos of the family's women ship AES-256 encrypted in the browser and open only with a personal code, letting even conservative families share an online gallery while respecting purdah. Features a three.js 3D memory wall, WebGL2 GPU petal particles, one-tap WhatsApp sharing, reels and videos, and a privacy-safe Cloudflare analytics dashboard. Deployed live: 2,740 photos across two weddings.

On-device AI WebCrypto (AES-256) three.js / WebGL2 Cloudflare
Live demo

Shajro

2025-2026 · Full-stack · Next.js + Supabase

A private, invite-only family tree (a "shajra") in daily use by my own Mirani family, built for non-technical relatives adding people from their phones over WhatsApp, in Sindhi and Urdu. Every addition or edit is a change request reviewed by a family moderator before it enters the tree, with a full audit log. Names transliterate to Sindhi automatically, kinship ("how is X related to Y") is computed from the actual family graph rather than guessed, and the family owns its data through one-click GEDCOM 7 export. Row-Level Security enforces privacy and roles in the database itself, and the data model is already multi-tenant-ready. The real tree is never public, so the demo below runs the same code over a fictional family, with zero database access and no account needed.

Next.js / TypeScript Supabase / Postgres Row-Level Security Cloudflare Workers
Try the demo Source

CA1 Connectome Explorer

2026 · WebGPU

Client-GPU browser tool for single-cell CA1 connectomes, cell types, guided wiring tours, the structural rich-club, and live spiking-activity playback. Two species instances: mouse (~288K neurons) and human (~5.28M), computed entirely in-browser via WebGPU with no server.

WebGPU WGSL Connectomics
Mouse explorer Human explorer

CA1 Connectome Analysis

2026 · Network neuroscience

Graph-theoretic analysis of full-scale single-cell CA1 connectomes: one of the first matched human/mouse cross-species comparisons at this scale, a conserved GABAergic neurogliaform rich-club, and a collinearity-aware variance decomposition of structure-to-function predictability.

Graph theory Rich-club Python

CA1 Morphology Viewers

2026 · WebGPU

Interactive viewers that place a representative published reconstruction of each CA1 cell type (NeuroMorpho.org) at its real soma position and render the whole population on the GPU, a "neuron forest" at brain scale.

WebGPU NeuroMorpho Morphology
Morphology lab Neuron forest

EEG Data Analysis

Ongoing

Signal processing pipelines using MATLAB for EEG data analysis, implementing machine learning algorithms for pattern recognition and brain state classification.

MATLAB EEGLAB Signal Processing

Brain Co-Simulation

Ongoing · EBRAINS-Italy

Co-simulation tasks integrating multiple brain modelling platforms to bridge different scales of neural organisation, in collaboration with EBRAINS-Italy.

EBRAINS-Italy Python Neuroscience

Emotion Detection from Text

2017 — 2019 · Master's Thesis

Fine-grained emotion classification using LSTM, CNN, and transformer architectures. Research conducted at UESTC NLP Lab.

PyTorch TensorFlow NLP

Sindh University Larkana Web Portal

2016 · Bachelor's Project

Final-year project officially adopted as the Sindh University Larkana Campus web portal. First prize in the departmental software project exhibition.

PHP SQL HTML/CSS

Live demos

Five browser-native tools, each rendering on your GPU through WebGPU, no install, no headset. Best in Chrome or Edge 113+ on a desktop or laptop.

Live demos are available on request. The sites are temporarily offline for maintenance.

Open flagship demo

Datasets: full-scale mouse (~288K) and human (~5.28M) CA1 scaffold models (Gandolfi, Mapelli, Solinas & Migliore; EBRAINS / EU Human Brain Project), NEST-simulated on the CINECA Galileo100 cluster.

The written record

Research output

A first-author body of work spanning the full NeuroConstellation toolchain, one Q1 journal paper (Scientific Reports, IF 3.9), eight first-author manuscripts (one under review at iScience, two in revision, five ready for submission), and three published conference abstracts.

Featured · Peer-reviewed

Scientific Reports · Nature Portfolio

Visualization and simulation of full-scale point-neuron circuits via the Neural Circuit Visualizer web platform

Ali, M., Smiriglia, R., Spera, E., Mirani, S.A., Solinas, S.M.G., Migliore, M., Ascoli, G.A. & Bologna, L.L. (2026) — co-author

Q1 Multidisciplinary Sciences IF 3.9 JCR 2024 Open Access 20 Mar 2026
Read the paper

Peer-Reviewed Publications

+1 more
Published

The Evaluation and Comparative Analysis of Role Based Access Control and Attribute Based Access Control Model

Aftab, M.U., Qin, Z., Zakria, Ali, S. (S.A. Mirani), Pirah, & Khan, J. (2018)

15th International Computer Conference on Wavelet Active Media Technology and Information Processing (ICCWAMTIP), Chengdu, China, pp. 35–39

DOI: 10.1109/ICCWAMTIP.2018.8632578

Under Review

1 paper
Under review (R1)

NeuroConstellation: Interactive Visualisation and Analysis of Million-Neuron Datasets Using Game Engine Technology

Mirani, S.A., Memon, P., Enrico, P., Urgese, G., & Solinas, S.M.G. (2026)

iScience, Unity 3D platform rendering up to 5.28M neurons at interactive frame rates

Under Revision

2 papers
Under revision

HoloNeV: Advancing Human-Computer Interaction in Neuroscience Through Mixed Reality Neural Visualisation

Mirani, S.A., Memon, P., Enrico, P., Bologna, L.L., Ali, M., Migliore, M., & Solinas, S.M.G. (2026)

MDPI Electronics, resubmission in progress

Revision underway

Single-Draw-Call Immersive Visualisation of 5.28 Million Neurons with Hand-Tracked Interaction in Video Pass-Through Mixed Reality

Mirani, S.A., Memon, P., Enrico, P., & Solinas, S.M.G. (2026)

Varjo XR-4 — adding connectivity / activation visualisation

Ready for Submission

5 papers
Ready for submission

Mixed Reality Visualisation of Simulated Mouse Hippocampus CA1 Activity with Hand-Gesture Interaction on Microsoft HoloLens 2

Mirani, S.A., Memon, P., Enrico, P., & Solinas, S.M.G. (2026)

Ready for submission

NeuroConstellation Web: Client-Side WebGPU Compute for Interactive Visualisation and Analysis of Million-Scale Neural Activity

Mirani, S.A., Memon, P., Enrico, P., & Solinas, S.M.G. (2026)

Target: IEEE Access

Live demo
Ready for submission

A Conserved GABAergic Neurogliaform Rich-Club Organises the Mammalian CA1 Connectome

Mirani, S.A., Memon, P., & Solinas, S.M.G. (2026)

First matched cross-species (human / mouse) single-cell connectome comparison

Ready for submission

A Web-Based WebGPU Explorer for Single-Cell Connectomes of the Mammalian CA1

Mirani, S.A., Memon, P., Enrico, P., & Solinas, S.M.G. (2026)

Mouse Human
Ready for submission

Degree Dominates: A Collinearity-Aware Variance Decomposition of Structure-to-Function Predictability in a Full-Scale CA1 Connectome

Mirani, S.A., Solinas, S.M.G., & Memon, P. (2026)

Conference Presentations & Published Abstracts

3 abstracts
Abstract · CNS*2025

HoloNeV: Holographic Visualisation Tool for Neural Network Activity

Mirani, S.A., Memon, P., Migliore, R., Migliore, M., Mercante, B., Enrico, P., & Solinas, S.M.G. (2026)

J. Comput. Neurosci. 54(Suppl. 1), S227 · CNS*2025, Florence (Poster P201)

Programme entry
Abstract · CNS*2025

Neural Circuit Visualizer: A Web-Based Platform for the Simulation and Visualisation of Full-Scale Point-Neuron Circuits

Ali, M., Smiriglia, R., Spera, E., Mirani, S.A., Solinas, S.M.G., Migliore, M., Ascoli, G.A., & Bologna, L.L. (2026)

J. Comput. Neurosci. 54(Suppl. 1), S361 · CNS*2025, Florence (Poster P335)

Programme entry
Poster · EBRAINS-Italy 2024

Holographic Visualisation of Neural Network Activity

Mirani, S.A., Enrico, P., & Solinas, S. (December 2024)

EBRAINS-Italy, Naples, Italy, GPU-accelerated indirect instancing on HoloLens 2

Experience

Professional experience

Oct 2023 — May 2026 University of Sassari, Italy

PhD Researcher, Computational Neuroscience

Neural Network Visualisation & AI

  • Developed the NeuroConstellation platform family, five GPU-accelerated visualisation tools across desktop, HoloLens 2 (static and dynamic), Varjo XR-4, and WebGPU browser, rendering up to 5.28M neurons.
  • Collaborated with EBRAINS-Italy, CNR Palermo (Migliore lab), and Aix-Marseille University on neuroscience visualisation tools.
  • Implemented XR solutions using MRTK and Ultraleap hand tracking for scientific data visualisation.
  • Completed 6-month international research mobility at the Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), Aix-Marseille Université, France (Aug 2025 — Jan 2026), hosted by Dr. Pierpaolo Sorrentino, working on Fano-factor analysis of recurrent network dynamics on the Galileo100 HPC cluster (CINECA).
  • Successfully defended doctoral thesis on 6 May 2026.
Jan 2022 — Jun 2022 SZABIST-ZABTech, Pakistan

Monitoring & Evaluation Officer

Educational Programme Management

  • Managed comprehensive data collection and analysis for technical and vocational education programmes.
  • Conducted Training of Trainers (ToT) workshops and Enterprise Development Sessions.
  • Implemented quality assurance frameworks and developed monitoring dashboards using Python and Excel.
Jul 2021 — Nov 2021 AKUEB, Pakistan

Quality Assurance Spot Checker

Examination Quality Control

  • Conducted spot checks across multiple examination centres during Annual and Re-sit 2021 sessions.
  • Identified and resolved procedural discrepancies, maintaining compliance with AKUEB protocols.
2017 — 2019 UESTC, China

Research Assistant, NLP Lab

Machine Learning Research

  • Developed deep learning models for emotion detection from text using LSTM, CNN, and transformer architectures.
  • Implemented NLP pipelines using Python, TensorFlow, and PyTorch.
  • Co-authored published paper on Role-Based vs Attribute-Based Access Control models.
2015 HBL Bank Pakistan

IT Intern

Banking Technology Department

  • Assisted in development of internal banking applications using Java and SQL.
  • Gained experience with enterprise-level IT infrastructure and security protocols.
Skills

Technical expertise

3D & XR Development

Unity3D MRTK HoloLens 2 Varjo XR-4 Meta Quest 3 Ultraleap WebGPU WGSL HLSL

Programming

Python C# C++ JavaScript MATLAB Java PHP SQL HTML/CSS

AI & Machine Learning

Machine Learning Deep Learning PyTorch TensorFlow Keras NLP Transformers LLMs Generative AI Computer Vision EEGLAB MNE-Python

Tools & Platforms

Git/GitHub Docker Linux LaTeX Jupyter VS Code EBRAINS-Italy SPSS AMOS
Education

Academic journey

PhD in Life Sciences and Biotechnologies

2023 — 2026 · Defended 6 May 2026

University of Sassari (UNISS), Italy

Thesis: Real-Time Visualisation of Large-Scale Neural Networks: GPU-Accelerated Methods for Desktop, Extended Reality, and Browser Platforms. [thesis repository]
Degree conferred at convocation: 16 June 2026.
Supervisors: Prof. Sergio M. G. Solinas and Prof. Paolo Enrico (Department of Biomedical Sciences).
International mobility (completed): Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), Aix-Marseille Université, France (Aug 2025 — Jan 2026).

M.S. in Software Engineering

2017 — 2019 · GPA 3.57/4.00

University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)

Thesis: Fine-Grained Emotion Detection from Text using Deep Learning. Specialisation in Machine Learning, NLP, and Software Architecture.

B.S. in Computer Science

2013 — 2016 · GPA 3.66/4.00

University of Sindh, Pakistan

Focus: Software Development, Database Systems, Web Technologies. First prize in Final Year Software Project Exhibition.

Intermediate (Pre-Engineering)

2010 — 2012 · Grade B (62.27%)

New Banat High School, BISE Hyderabad

Matriculation (Science)

2007 — 2009 · Grade A (70.23%)

The Best Academy, BSE Karachi

Certifications

Professional certifications & training

Certified AI Developer

Presidential Initiative for AI & Computing (PIAIC)
2024

Deep Learning with PyTorch: GAN

Coursera
2021

ML Pipelines with Azure ML Studio

Coursera
2021

Neural Style Transfer

Coursera
2021

AI for Everyone

DeepLearning.AI
2020

Data Science Fundamentals

Corporate Finance Institute (CFI)
2021

Scientific Writing Course

Multiomics
2023

Creative Writing

DigiSkills.pk
2022

Virtual Assistant Course

DigiSkills.pk
2022

Freelancing Course

DigiSkills.pk
2022

Social Media Marketing

HP LIFE
2021

Effective Presentations

HP LIFE
2021

NDG Linux Essentials

Cisco Networking Academy
2022

Python Programming Basics

Huawei
2021

Math Basics

Huawei
2021

Innovation Practice of IoT

Huawei
2021

Diploma in Web Development

Icon Institute, Larkana
2016

Certificate in IT (CIT)

DotCom Institute / BBSYDP
2013

Computer Hardware & Repairing

Educator Computer Institute
2010
Recognition

Awards, honours & recognitions

Academic Excellence

Academic Achievement Award

2018 · UESTC

Third prize for outstanding academic research performance

Excellent Performance Award

2018 · UESTC

Second prize for excellence in arts, sports, and voluntary work

Best Senior Ever Award

2017 · University of Sindh

Recognition for leadership and academic excellence

Software Project Exhibition

2017 · University of Sindh

First prize in Final Year software project exhibition

Prime Minister Laptop Scheme

2015

Awarded laptop for exceptional academic performance

Certificate of Performance

2015 · University of Sindh

Outstanding performance during bachelor studies

Sports & Cultural Achievements

Tour of Sichuan Athlete

2019

International Cycling Competition

Volleyball Champion

2018

Muslim Students Spring Sports, UESTC

Cricket Winner

2018

UESTC Summer Sports

Cricket Tournament Winner

2018

Muslim Students Spring Sports

Outstanding Performance

2018

Cultural Activities at UESTC

Passion in Electronic Science

2018

Electronic Museum Award, UESTC

International Students Olympics

2018

Winter Inter-Dormitory Olympics

Appreciation Certificate

2015 · University of Sindh

Organising seminars and cultural events

Workshops

Workshops & specialised training

The Predictive Role of Connected Dynamical Systems

January 2026 · Online

Workshop organised by F. de Pasquale & S. Della Penna

environMENTAL Summer School

October 2025 · Marseille, France

Environmental & Computational Neuroscience, Aix-Marseille University

1st EBRAINS-Italy School (BRANDY)

September 2025 · Ala Birdi, Italy

BRAin DYnamics Academy

2nd Deep Learning Workshop

2018 · UESTC

School of International Education

IEEE COMSOC Summer School

2017 · Lahore, Pakistan

UET Lahore & FAST University with IEEE

Personal Development Workshop

2018 · UESTC, China

Build your Skills, Knowledge, Abilities (SKAs)

1st Sindh Youth Summit

2017 · Pakistan

Sports & Youth Affairs Department, Government of Sindh

Data Analysis using SPSS & AMOS

2016 · University of Sindh

Statistical analysis training

Community

Community service & volunteer leadership

VIP Member · Green Manor Club

2018–2019 · UESTC

Environmental and cultural organisation

ISU Election Officer

2018 · UESTC

International Students Union elections management

Cultural Exchange Volunteer

2018 · Shuangbai Community, Chengdu

Community-building activities

Conference Organiser

2018 · Chengdu

China Soft Conference 2018

Forum Volunteer

2018 · UESTC

40th Anniversary of China's Reform Forum

Welcome Committee

2018 · UESTC

International Freshers' Orientation

Study in UESTC Ambassador

2017 · UESTC

Promotional interviews for international education

Winter Cleaning Volunteer

2019 · UESTC

International Students Union initiative

Languages

Languages

English

Professional

Sindhi

Native

Urdu

Native

Italian

Basic

Chinese

Basic (HSK 1)
References

Referees

Full contact details available on request.

Prof. Sergio M. G. Solinas

Doctoral supervisor · Associate Professor
Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy

Prof. Paolo Enrico

Doctoral co-supervisor · Full Professor
Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy

Dr. Pierpaolo Sorrentino

International mobility host · Senior Researcher
Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), Aix-Marseille Université, France

Dr. Luca L. Bologna

Co-author · Professor & Senior Researcher
Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy

Open a channel

Let's collaborate

Open to postdoctoral positions, research collaborations, and consulting opportunities in computational neuroscience, XR, and GPU-accelerated visualisation.